Asenova Fortress, Bulgaria

Asenova Fortress /"Asen's Fortress" is a medieval bulgarian fortress, situates in the Rhodope Mountains, 2-3 km sout of the town of Asenovgrad, on a high rocky ridge on the left bank of the Asenitsa River.
The earliest archaeological findings date from the time of the Thracians, the area of the fortress being also inhabited during the Ancient Roman and Early Byzantine period. The fortress gained importance in the Middle Ages, first mentioned in the statute of the Bachkovo Monastery as Petrich in the 11th century. The fortress was conquered by the armies of the Third Crusade. It was considerably renovated in the 13th century (more precisely 1231) during the rule of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II to serve as a border fortification against Latin raids, as evidenced by an eight-line wall inscription. The foundations of fortified walls (the outer ones being 2.9 m thick and 3 m high), a feudal castle, 30 rooms and 3 water repositories have been excavated from this period.

The best preserved and most notable feature of Asenova krepost is the Holy Theotokos of Petrich Church from the 12th-13th century. It is a two-storey, cross-domed single-naved building with a wide narthex and a large rectangular tower, and features mural paintings from the 14th century. The church's reconstruction finished in 1991 (the whole fortress was destroyed after the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century) and it is a fully operating Bulgarian Orthodox temple. Taken by the Byzantines after Ivan Asen II's death, the fortress was once again in Bulgarian hands at the time of Ivan Alexander in 1344 only to be conquered and destroyed by the Ottomans during their rule of Bulgaria. The town of Asenovgrad takes its modern name from the fortress, formerly being named Stanimaka.